Pharmacokinetics and Behavioral Effects of Tramadol Following Oral Administration to the Horse
نویسندگان
چکیده
Tramadol hydrochloride is a centrally acting opioid receptor agonist used for acute and chronic pain management in humans. Currently, tramadol is not labeled for use in veterinary species; however, it has been used with some success for the management of pain, particularly in cats and dogs. Previous studies conducted in horses have failed to achieve what is believed to be therapeutic plasma concentrations for analgesia. The primary goal of this study was to describe the disposition of tramadol and O-desmethyltramadol as well as to describe any adverse physiologic or behavioral effects.
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